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### 15.11 Implementing the Varargs Macros

GCC comes with an implementation of `<varargs.h>` and `<stdarg.h>` that work without change on machines that pass arguments on the stack. Other machines require their own implementations of varargs, and the two machine independent header files must have conditionals to include it.

ISO `<stdarg.h>` differs from traditional `<varargs.h>` mainly in the calling convention for `va_start`. The traditional implementation takes just one argument, which is the variable in which to store the argument pointer. The ISO implementation of `va_start` takes an additional second argument. The user is supposed to write the last named argument of the function here.

However, `va_start` should not use this argument. The way to find the end of the named arguments is with the built-in functions described below.

— Macro: __builtin_saveregs ()

> Use this built-in function to save the argument registers in memory so that the varargs mechanism can access them. Both ISO and traditional versions of `va_start` must use `__builtin_saveregs`, unless you use `TARGET_SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS` (see below) instead.

> On some machines, `__builtin_saveregs` is open-coded under the control of the target hook `TARGET_EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS`. On other machines, it calls a routine written in assembler language, found in libgcc2.c.

> Code generated for the call to `__builtin_saveregs` appears at the beginning of the function, as opposed to where the call to `__builtin_saveregs` is written, regardless of what the code is. This is because the registers must be saved before the function starts to use them for its own purposes.

— Macro: __builtin_args_info (category)

> Use this built-in function to find the first anonymous arguments in registers.

> In general, a machine may have several categories of registers used for arguments, each for a particular category of data types. (For example, on some machines, floating-point registers are used for floating-point arguments while other arguments are passed in the general registers.) To make non-varargs functions use the proper calling convention, you have defined the `CUMULATIVE_ARGS` data type to record how many registers in each category have been used so far

> `__builtin_args_info` accesses the same data structure of type `CUMULATIVE_ARGS` after the ordinary argument layout is finished with it, with category specifying which word to access. Thus, the value indicates the first unused register in a given category.

> Normally, you would use `__builtin_args_info` in the implementation of `va_start`, accessing each category just once and storing the value in the `va_list` object. This is because `va_list` will have to update the values, and there is no way to alter the values accessed by `__builtin_args_info`.

— Macro: __builtin_next_arg (lastarg)

> This is the equivalent of `__builtin_args_info`, for stack arguments. It returns the address of the first anonymous stack argument, as type `void *`. If `ARGS_GROW_DOWNWARD`, it returns the address of the location above the first anonymous stack argument. Use it in `va_start` to initialize the pointer for fetching arguments from the stack. Also use it in `va_start` to verify that the second parameter lastarg is the last named argument of the current function.

— Macro: __builtin_classify_type (object)

> Since each machine has its own conventions for which data types are passed in which kind of register, your implementation of `va_arg` has to embody these conventions. The easiest way to categorize the specified data type is to use `__builtin_classify_type` together with `sizeof` and `__alignof__`.

> `__builtin_classify_type` ignores the value of object, considering only its data type. It returns an integer describing what kind of type that is—integer, floating, pointer, structure, and so on.

> The file typeclass.h defines an enumeration that you can use to interpret the values of `__builtin_classify_type`.

These machine description macros help implement varargs:

— Target Hook: rtx TARGET_EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS (void)

> If defined, this hook produces the machine-specific code for a call to `__builtin_saveregs`. This code will be moved to the very beginning of the function, before any parameter access are made. The return value of this function should be an RTX that contains the value to use as the return of `__builtin_saveregs`.

— Target Hook: void TARGET_SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS (CUMULATIVE_ARGS *args_so_far, enum machine_mode mode, tree type, int *pretend_args_size, int second_time)

> This target hook offers an alternative to using `__builtin_saveregs` and defining the hook `TARGET_EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS`. Use it to store the anonymous register arguments into the stack so that all the arguments appear to have been passed consecutively on the stack. Once this is done, you can use the standard implementation of varargs that works for machines that pass all their arguments on the stack.

> The argument args_so_far points to the `CUMULATIVE_ARGS` data structure, containing the values that are obtained after processing the named arguments. The arguments mode and type describe the last named argument—its machine mode and its data type as a tree node.

> The target hook should do two things: first, push onto the stack all the argument registers not used for the named arguments, and second, store the size of the data thus pushed into the `int`-valued variable pointed to by pretend_args_size. The value that you store here will serve as additional offset for setting up the stack frame.

> Because you must generate code to push the anonymous arguments at compile time without knowing their data types, `TARGET_SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS` is only useful on machines that have just a single category of argument register and use it uniformly for all data types.

> If the argument second_time is nonzero, it means that the arguments of the function are being analyzed for the second time. This happens for an inline function, which is not actually compiled until the end of the source file. The hook `TARGET_SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS` should not generate any instructions in this case.

— Target Hook: bool TARGET_STRICT_ARGUMENT_NAMING (CUMULATIVE_ARGS *ca)

> Define this hook to return `true` if the location where a function argument is passed depends on whether or not it is a named argument.

> This hook controls how the named argument to `FUNCTION_ARG` is set for varargs and stdarg functions. If this hook returns `true`, the named argument is always true for named arguments, and false for unnamed arguments. If it returns `false`, but `TARGET_PRETEND_OUTGOING_VARARGS_NAMED` returns `true`, then all arguments are treated as named. Otherwise, all named arguments except the last are treated as named.

> You need not define this hook if it always returns zero.

— Target Hook: bool TARGET_PRETEND_OUTGOING_VARARGS_NAMED

> If you need to conditionally change ABIs so that one works with `TARGET_SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS`, but the other works like neither `TARGET_SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS` nor `TARGET_STRICT_ARGUMENT_NAMING` was defined, then define this hook to return `true` if `TARGET_SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS` is used, `false` otherwise. Otherwise, you should not define this hook.